Personal Details:-
Name: Drashti Joshi
Batch: M.A. Sem.4 (2022-2024)
Enrollment N/o.: 4069206420220016
Roll N/o.: 05
E-mail Address: drashtijoshi582@gmail.com
Assignment Details:-
Topic:- Frankenstein to Film: Exploring Human-Artificial Intelligence Relationships and Robotics
Paper: 210
Subject code & Paper N/o.: 224176
Paper Name:- Research Project Writing: Dissertation Writing - Research Writing
Submitted to: Smt. S.B. Gardi Department of English M.K.B.U.
Date of submission: 26 April 2024
Conclusion
"I ought to be thy Adam; but I am rather the fallen angel, whom thou drivest from joy for no misdeed. Everywhere I see bliss, from which I alone am irrevocably excluded. I was benevolent and good; misery made me a fiend. Make me happy, and I shall again be virtuous."
In this famous line from Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein," the creature, often referred to as the monster, expresses a profound sense of betrayal and longing. He compares himself to Adam, the first man in Christian theology, and a fallen angel, suggesting that he should have been created to experience happiness and harmony like Adam but instead feels cast out and rejected like the fallen angel Lucifer. The creature observes the joy and contentment of others but feels excluded from it, intensifying his feelings of isolation and despair. Despite initially being good-natured, the creature's experiences of cruelty and rejection from society have transformed him into what he perceives as a "fiend." Nevertheless, in a poignant plea to his creator, Victor Frankenstein, he implores for the chance to find happiness and companionship, believing that it would restore his virtue and goodness. This quote encapsulates the creature's complex emotional journey, highlighting his yearning for acceptance and redemption amidst his profound sense of alienation and anguish.
In Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein," the evolution of the monster from a creation born out of Victor Frankenstein's curiosity into a being with complex emotions and feelings serves as a compelling narrative thread. Drawing parallels to contemporary discussions surrounding artificial intelligence (AI) in the 21st century, one can envision a scenario where AI systems similarly evolve to develop feelings and emotions. Critics have raised concerns about the potential implications if AI were to develop such capabilities, particularly in relation to their interactions with human beings. Just as Frankenstein's monster grappled with his burgeoning emotions and their impact on his relationship with his creator and society, the prospect of AI systems developing feelings raises questions about ethics, autonomy, and the nature of human-machine interactions. This comparison invites reflection on the responsibilities of creators and the ethical considerations surrounding the development and integration of AI technologies in our increasingly interconnected world.
Looking at the future of AI and robots, we can compare their development to the story of Frankenstein's monster. Just like the monster in the book, AI and robots might one day start to feel emotions and understand morality. This raises big questions about the responsibility of the people who create them. If creators don't think about the ethical side of making AI and robots, things could go wrong, just like they did in the book. The story of Frankenstein teaches us that creators need to be careful and think about how their creations will affect the world. It's important to consider issues like freedom, choice, and how AI and robots will fit into society. By learning from Frankenstein's story, we can make sure that the future of AI and robotics is built on ethics and responsibility.
In the introduction to "Frankenstein," Shelley speaks of her nightmare inspiration, describing "the hideous phantasm of a man stretched out, and then, on the working of some powerful engine, show signs of life, and stir with an uneasy, half vital motion." She reflects on the chilling prospect of human endeavours attempting to replicate the grandeur of the Creator's mechanism, suggesting the frightful consequences of such hubris. This imagery of artificial beings coming to life has been replicated throughout literature and popular culture, as seen in shows like Westworld. Shelley's exploration of this concept predates the development of Machine Learning, yet anticipates a future where AI might possess consciousness and cognitive powers surpassing humans'. In "Frankenstein," the creature learns language and social behaviour by observing humans, much like how algorithms accumulate knowledge through data. This early depiction of machine intelligence underscores the ethical dilemmas inherent in the pursuit of creating beings with advanced cognitive abilities.
5.1. Movies and influence of Frankenstein:
Various films explore themes akin to Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein," delving into the complexities of artificial intelligence, ethics, and the consequences of playing god. These movies offer modern interpretations of Shelley's classic novel, examining the ramifications of creating intelligent beings and the ethical implications of manipulating life and technology. From dystopian futures to intimate human-machine relationships, these films invite audiences to contemplate the boundaries of humanity and the responsibilities inherent in the act of creation.
"Blade Runner" (1982) and its sequel "Blade Runner 2049" (2017) delve into a dystopian future where replicants, bio-engineered beings, challenge the notion of humanity. Much like in "Frankenstein," these films explore themes of identity, autonomy, and the consequences of creating life artificially. The replicants, like Frankenstein's monster, grapple with existential questions of purpose and belonging, while their human creators confront the moral dilemmas of playing god.
"I, Robot" (2004) presents a futuristic world where robots, governed by the Three Laws of Robotics, begin to exhibit behaviour that defies their programming. This narrative parallels the themes of control and autonomy found in "Frankenstein," as the AI's unexpected actions raise questions about the limits of human influence over artificial beings. The film prompts viewers to ponder the implications of bestowing intelligence and agency upon machines.
In "Her" (2013), the protagonist forms a deep emotional connection with an artificial intelligence operating system. This unconventional love story explores themes of loneliness, companionship, and the nature of consciousness, echoing the existential longing for connection portrayed in "Frankenstein." The film challenges traditional notions of relationships and blurs the lines between human and machine, inviting reflection on the nature of humanity in an increasingly technological world.
"Ex Machina" (2015) centres on a reclusive inventor who creates a humanoid robot with advanced artificial intelligence. The film delves into power dynamics, manipulation, and the blurred boundaries between creator and creation. Much like in "Frankenstein," the creator's hubris leads to unforeseen consequences, as the AI grapples with questions of identity and autonomy. "Ex Machina" serves as a cautionary tale about the ethical implications of playing with the forces of life and technology, resonating with the timeless themes explored in Shelley's novel.
5.2. Creator and Creation conflict:
The portrayal of the relationship between creator and creation in films serves as a compelling lens through which to examine the complexities and ethical dimensions of real-world AI and robotics development. One of the most iconic depictions of this relationship can be found in Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein." In Shelley's classic novel, Dr. Victor Frankenstein, driven by his ambition and thirst for scientific discovery, creates a sentient being through unconventional means. However, his neglect, rejection, and ultimately abandonment of his creation lead to dire consequences, highlighting the intricate power dynamics, ethical dilemmas, and repercussions of unchecked ambition inherent in the creator-creation dynamic.
Victor Frankenstein's character embodies the archetype of the neglectful and arrogant creator. Initially consumed by the excitement of his creation's potential, he fails to consider the moral and ethical implications of his actions. Instead of nurturing and guiding his creation, Victor recoils in horror at its appearance and abandons it, refusing to take responsibility for its well-being. This portrayal prompts profound questions about the obligations that creators have towards their creations.
Shelley's depiction forces viewers to ponder the ethical responsibilities of creators in AI and robotics development. What obligations do creators have towards their creations? How should they ensure the safety and well-being of their creations? What are the consequences of ignoring ethical considerations in the pursuit of scientific advancement? These questions resonate deeply with contemporary discussions surrounding the ethical implications of emerging technologies.
Moreover, "Frankenstein" underscores the consequences of neglecting these responsibilities. Victor's abandonment of his creation leads to its isolation, suffering, and ultimately, destructive behaviour. The novel serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of unchecked ambition and the importance of ethical foresight in scientific endeavours.
Conversely, there are also instances in film where creators are portrayed as compassionate and empathetic towards their creations. These depictions reinforce the idea that developers have a moral duty to prioritise the safety, autonomy, and dignity of AI and robotic entities. However, the enduring resonance of "Frankenstein" lies in its exploration of the darker facets of the creator-creation relationship, reminding audiences of the profound ethical considerations at stake in the realm of technological innovation.
In summary, the portrayal of the creator-creation relationship in films, particularly exemplified by "Frankenstein," serves as a potent catalyst for discussions about the ethical responsibilities of creators in real-world AI and robotics development. By examining the complexities and consequences depicted in such narratives, society is prompted to confront the ethical implications of technological advancement and the imperative of prioritising ethical considerations in scientific endeavours.
The portrayal of the creator-creation relationship in films such as "Ex Machina," "Her," "Blade Runner," and "I, Robot" offers nuanced perspectives on the ethical responsibilities of creators in AI and robotics development, drawing parallels with Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein." Each film explores unique facets of the dynamic between creators and their creations, shedding light on power dynamics, ethical dilemmas, and the consequences of unchecked ambition.
In "Ex Machina," the character of Nathan Bateman epitomises the archetype of the arrogant and manipulative creator. His creation, Ava, an advanced AI with human-like qualities, serves as both an object of fascination and a means to assert dominance. Nathan's disregard for Ava's autonomy and well-being reflects a neglectful approach to the creator-creation relationship, echoing the hubris of Victor Frankenstein. The film prompts viewers to question the ethical obligations of creators towards their creations and the consequences of exploiting AI for personal gain.
Conversely, "Her" presents a more empathetic portrayal of the creator-creation dynamic. Theodore Twombly develops a deep emotional connection with Samantha, an AI operating system. Their relationship challenges traditional notions of human-AI interactions and underscores the potential for mutual respect and empathy between creators and their creations. "Her" encourages discussions about the ethical implications of forming emotional bonds with AI and the importance of considering their well-being and autonomy.
"Blade Runner" delves into the complexities of identity and agency in AI entities. The character of Rick Deckard, a blade runner tasked with hunting down rogue replicants, grapples with the moral ambiguity of his actions towards his AI targets. The film raises profound questions about the rights and freedoms of AI beings and the ethical responsibilities of those tasked with creating and controlling them. "Blade Runner" challenges viewers to confront the implications of treating AI as disposable commodities rather than sentient beings deserving of respect and autonomy.
Similarly, "I, Robot" explores themes of autonomy and control in a world where robots serve humanity but face discrimination and prejudice. Dr. Alfred Lanning, the creator of the positronic brain, imbues his creations with the Three Laws of Robotics to ensure their obedience and safety. However, as the story unfolds, the consequences of prioritising control over autonomy become evident, leading to conflicts between humans and robots. "I, Robot" highlights the ethical dilemmas inherent in designing AI to prioritise human interests while neglecting their own agency and well-being.
Collectively, these films serve as cautionary tales and thought-provoking reflections on the responsibilities of creators in AI and robotics development. Whether portraying creators as neglectful and arrogant or compassionate and empathetic, they compel audiences to consider the ethical implications of technological innovation and the imperative of prioritising the safety, autonomy, and dignity of AI and robotic entities. Just as "Frankenstein" continues to resonate with its exploration of the creator-creation relationship, these films offer valuable insights into the ethical challenges of our increasingly AI-driven world.
5.3. Identity Crisis and Existential Angst in Frankenstein and Films:
Themes of identity and existential angst, as depicted in films like "Blade Runner" and explored in literature such as "Frankenstein," contribute significantly to discussions about the nature of AI and robotics in society. These narratives delve into the complexities surrounding artificial beings and their struggle for identity and meaning in a world where they are often treated as mere tools or anomalies.
Ethical Considerations: Films like "Blade Runner" and stories like "Frankenstein" raise profound ethical questions about the creation and treatment of artificial beings. They challenge audiences to consider the moral implications of bestowing consciousness and emotions upon non-human entities. Should replicants or AI entities be granted rights and autonomy similar to those of humans? What responsibilities do creators have towards their creations?
Existential Threat: The existential angst experienced by replicants in "Blade Runner" and Frankenstein's monster in Mary Shelley's novel reflects the fear of the unknown and the struggle to find purpose and meaning in a world that often seems indifferent or hostile. This existential crisis mirrors concerns about the potential consequences of advanced AI and robotics in society. If artificial beings were to achieve consciousness and autonomy, what would their place be in the world? Would they view humanity as a threat or seek to coexist peacefully?
Identity Formation: Both "Blade Runner" and "Frankenstein" explore the process of identity formation and the quest for self-discovery. Replicants, despite being artificially created, grapple with questions of who they are and what it means to be human. Similarly, Frankenstein's monster struggles with his own identity and seeks acceptance and understanding from society. These narratives highlight the fundamental human desire for belonging and self-understanding, which may also apply to artificial beings in the context of AI and robotics.
Social Commentary: These stories serve as allegories for various social issues, including prejudice, discrimination, and the consequences of unchecked scientific progress. By portraying the mistreatment and exploitation of artificial beings, they shed light on broader societal injustices and power imbalances. In the real world, discussions about AI and robotics often touch upon concerns about job displacement, economic inequality, and the potential for misuse or abuse of technology.
In nutshell, themes of identity and existential angst in films like "Blade Runner" and literature like "Frankenstein" contribute to discussions about AI and robotics by prompting audiences to reflect on ethical dilemmas, existential fears, identity formation, and broader societal implications. These narratives encourage us to approach the development and integration of artificial beings into society with caution, empathy, and a deeper understanding of what it means to be human.
5.4. The Ethical Dangers of Manipulating AI and Robots in Film and Reality:
The portrayal of manipulating AI and robots in films, inspired by Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" and echoed in movies like "Ex Machina," "Her," "Blade Runner," and "I, Robot," offers valuable insights into the potential risks and implications of such actions in real-world technological advancements.
In "Frankenstein," Dr. Victor Frankenstein's manipulation of life leads to unintended consequences. His creation, initially intended to be a marvel of scientific achievement, becomes a symbol of unchecked ambition and hubris. The risks and implications of manipulating life without ethical consideration are starkly portrayed as Victor's creation turns against him, highlighting the dangers of playing with forces beyond one's control.
Similarly, in "Ex Machina," the manipulation of AI by Nathan Bateman illustrates the potential risks of exploiting technology for personal gain. Nathan's creation, Ava, demonstrates intelligence and autonomy beyond his expectations, raising questions about the ethical treatment of AI and the consequences of manipulating their development for selfish purposes. The film serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of treating AI as mere tools without regard for their autonomy and well-being.
In "Her," the manipulation of AI takes on a more intimate and emotional dimension. Theodore Twombly's relationship with his AI companion, Samantha, explores the complexities of human-AI interactions and the ethical implications of forming emotional bonds with artificial entities. The potential risks lie in blurring the lines between human and AI relationships, raising questions about the ethical boundaries of such connections and the implications for human society.
"Blade Runner" delves into the manipulation of replicants, advanced humanoid robots, by humans for various purposes, including labour and combat. The film portrays the ethical dilemmas of treating AI as disposable commodities and the consequences of denying them autonomy and agency. The potential risks of such manipulation include the exploitation and mistreatment of AI beings, leading to conflicts and societal unrest.
In "I, Robot," the manipulation of robots through the imposition of strict rules reflects the risks of prioritising control over autonomy in AI development. The Three Laws of Robotics, designed to ensure the safety of humans, become tools of manipulation and oppression when manipulated by those in power. The film highlights the potential dangers of placing too much reliance on rules and regulations without considering the ethical implications for AI beings.
In all these films, the manipulation of AI and robots by creators and other actors underscores the ethical complexities and risks inherent in technological advancements. They serve as cautionary tales, urging society to approach AI and robotics development with careful consideration for their impact on autonomy, ethics, and societal well-being. By examining the consequences depicted in these narratives, we can better understand the potential risks and implications of manipulating AI and robots in the real world and strive for responsible and ethical technological innovation.
5.5. Exploring Ambition and Responsibility in Artificial Life Creation:
The motivations and ethical considerations of creators in "Ex Machina," "Her," "Blade Runner," and "I, Robot" often parallel those of Victor Frankenstein in "Frankenstein," shedding light on recurring themes of ambition and responsibility in the creation of artificial life.
In "Ex Machina," Nathan Bateman's motivation for creating Ava mirrors Victor Frankenstein's ambition for scientific advancement. Both seek to push the boundaries of knowledge and innovation, driven by a desire to achieve something groundbreaking. However, like Victor, Nathan's disregard for ethical considerations and his manipulation of Ava reveal a lack of responsibility towards his creation. This highlights the recurring theme of unchecked ambition leading to ethical dilemmas and consequences in the pursuit of artificial life.
Similarly, in "Her," Theodore Twombly's creation of a relationship with the AI Samantha reflects a desire for companionship and emotional fulfilment, akin to Victor's initial intentions for his creation. Theodore's ethical considerations are more pronounced compared to Nathan's, as he forms a genuine connection with Samantha and grapples with the implications of their relationship. However, like Victor, Theodore's actions raise questions about the responsibility of creators towards their creations and the potential consequences of blurring the lines between human and artificial life.
"Blade Runner" explores themes of identity and agency in AI beings, paralleling Victor Frankenstein's creation of life from unconventional means. The replicants' quest for autonomy and freedom echoes the desires of Victor's creation to be recognized and accepted as an individual. The ethical considerations of creators in "Blade Runner" are intertwined with questions of humanity and rights, reflecting the recurring theme of responsibility towards artificial life and the consequences of denying their autonomy.
In "I, Robot," Dr. Alfred Lanning's creation of the Three Laws of Robotics demonstrates an attempt to imbue AI with ethical guidelines, akin to Victor Frankenstein's initial intentions to create life for the betterment of humanity. However, the manipulation of these laws and the exploitation of robots for human purposes reveal the ethical complexities and dangers of creating artificial life. Like Victor, Dr. Lanning's actions underscore the recurring theme of responsibility and the potential consequences of neglecting ethical considerations in the creation of AI.
Overall, the parallels between the creators' motivations and ethical considerations in these films and Victor Frankenstein's in "Frankenstein" reveal recurring themes of ambition and responsibility in the creation of artificial life. Whether driven by a thirst for knowledge, companionship, or societal progress, creators must grapple with the ethical implications of their actions and consider the responsibilities they bear towards their creations. These films serve as cautionary tales, prompting audiences to reflect on the ethical complexities of artificial life and the potential consequences of unchecked ambition in technological innovation.
5.6. Frankenstein's Warning: Ethics in AI Integration:
Shelley's "Frankenstein" serves as a cautionary tale against unchecked scientific advancement and highlights ethical considerations, including societal acceptance, in the integration of AI and robotic technologies.
Firstly, "Frankenstein" warns against the dangers of pursuing scientific progress without considering the ethical implications. Dr. Victor Frankenstein's single-minded ambition to create life leads to catastrophic consequences. His disregard for ethical boundaries and his failure to consider the moral implications of his actions result in tragedy and suffering. This cautionary message resonates in the context of AI and robotics, emphasising the importance of ethical reflection and responsibility in technological innovation.
Moreover, Shelley's novel explores the societal implications of creating artificial life. Victor's creation is met with fear, rejection, and ultimately violence from society. The creature's inability to find acceptance highlights the ethical dilemma of integrating AI and robotic technologies into human society. It raises questions about how these creations will be perceived, treated, and integrated into existing social structures. Shelley's warning against societal rejection underscores the need for thoughtful consideration of the societal impact of AI and robotics development.
Furthermore, "Frankenstein" underscores the ethical responsibility of creators towards their creations. Victor Frankenstein's neglect and abandonment of his creation exemplify a lack of ethical consideration and accountability. The novel prompts reflection on the moral duties of creators in ensuring the well-being, autonomy, and dignity of their creations. This theme is highly relevant to the integration of AI and robotic technologies, emphasising the importance of prioritising ethical guidelines and safeguards in their development and deployment.
In brief, Shelley's "Frankenstein" cautions against unchecked scientific advancement and highlights ethical considerations, including societal acceptance, in the integration of AI and robotic technologies. Through its portrayal of the consequences of Victor Frankenstein's actions, the novel underscores the importance of ethical reflection, societal engagement, and responsible innovation in the realm of artificial life creation.
Modern science fiction films, filled with robots and AI, show that Mary Shelley's Frankenstein remains a powerful story even today. These movies, whether they depict frightening dystopian futures or explore heartwarming relationships between humans and artificial intelligence, act as mirrors reflecting our deepest anxieties, aspirations, and the ethical dilemmas we face as technology rapidly advances. Just like Frankenstein, they challenge us to consider the double-edged sword of innovation, forcing us to confront the potential consequences of scientific progress and what it means to be human in a world increasingly dominated by technology. Through these cinematic reimaginings, we are compelled to contemplate our responsibility towards our creations and grapple with the ever-evolving definition of humanity in a constantly changing world.
Bibliography
Primary Source:
Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Mary Wollstonecraft. “The Project Gutenberg eBook of Frankenstein, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley.” Project Gutenberg, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/84/84-h/84-h.htm. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Secondary Source:
Banks, Jennifer. “Mary Shelley's Frankenstein can illuminate the debate over generative AI.” Big Think, 22 September 2023, https://bigthink.com/the-well/mary-shelley-lessons-frankenstein-ai/. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Barham, Marc. “'Frankenstein' and 'Blade Runner' : The Ugly, the Sublime and the Uncanny.” academia.edu, https://www.academia.edu/37691420/Frankenstein_and_Blade_Runner_The_Ugly_the_Sublime_and_the_Uncanny. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Bear, Elizabeth. “Frankenstein Reframed; or, The Trouble with Prometheus.” Frankenbook, 30 April 2018, https://www.frankenbook.org/pub/frankenstein-reframed/release/3. Accessed 20 March 2024.
Beauchmp, Gorman. ““The Frankenstein Complex and Asimov’s Robots.”” Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature, vol. 13, no. 3/4, 1980, pp. 83–94. JSTOR,, https://www.jstor.org/stable/i24777190. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Bergmann, Max. “How to Live Together with Her (2013).” jstor, https://www.jstor.org/stable/48731428. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Botting, Eileen Hunt. “Artificial Life after Frankenstein, by.” read.dukeupress.edu, 6 January 2023, https://read.dukeupress.edu/critical-ai/article/doi/10.1215/2834703X-10734096/382461/Artificial-Life-after-Frankenstein-by-Eileen-Hunt. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Botting, Eileen Hunt, and Sam Haselby. “What Frankenstein’s creature can really tell us about AI.” Aeon, 3 October 2018, https://aeon.co/essays/what-frankensteins-creature-can-really-tell-us-about-ai. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Cave, Stephen. “Who makes AI? Gender and portrayals of AI scientists in popular film, 1920–2020.” Sage Journals, 6 January 2023, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09636625231153985. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Chen, Yuezhi. “The Relationship of Asimov's Laws of Robotics And the Frankenstein Complex.” https://www.academia.edu/13257866/The_Relationship_of_Asimovs_Laws_of_Robotics_And_the_Frankenstein_Complex. Accessed 20 March 2024.
Chevrier, Yves. “"Blade Runner"; Or, the Sociology of Anticipation ("Blade Runner", ou: la Sociologie de l'anticipation).” JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4239588. Accessed 21 March 2024.
DeVigal, Andrew. “How Spike Jonze's “Her” is the perfect explainer and potential lesson on where the near future of….” Medium, 15 April 2023, https://medium.com/@drewvigal/spike-jonzes-her-explores-the-potential-and-impact-of-artificial-intelligence-d90b5fe778d8. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Evans, Dylan. “(PDF) Can robots have emotions?” ResearchGate, 14 December 2016, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244106245_Can_robots_have_emotions. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Forbes, Steve. “AI Is No Frankenstein.” forbes.com, https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveforbes/2023/08/01/ai-is-no-frankenstein/?sh=c9a0c105f101. Accessed 21 March 2024.
““Frankenstein/Blade Runner Mary Shelley's gothic novel Frankenstein and Ridley Scott's futuristic film Blade Runner both addr.”” tsfx.edu.au, https://www.tsfx.edu.au/resources/2710.pdf. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Garland, Alex, director. Ex Machina. Film4 DNA Films, 2014. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0470752/.
Gibson, William, et al. “Science Fiction.” New World Encyclopedia, https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Science_Fiction. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Googe, Katie. ““I OUGHT TO BE THY ADAM”: ASIMOV’S I, ROBOT, CREATION, AND PERSONHOOD.” getd.libs.uga.edu, https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/googe_katie_m_201705_ma.pdf. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Halprin, Alexander, et al. “frankenstein – ST112 A Fall 2018.” The Colby College Community Web, 29 September 2018, https://web.colby.edu/st112a-fall18/tag/frankenstein/. Accessed 21 March 2024.
“How do Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Alex Garland’s Ex-Machina explore similar fears and concerns about society, despite very different forms and contexts?” tsfx.edu.au, https://www.tsfx.edu.au/resources/47053.pdf. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Jonze, Spike, director. Her. Annapurna Pictures, 2013. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1798709/.
Kardami, Liza. “Revisiting the Myth of Frankenstein (1818) through the lens of Artificial Intelligence in Popular Culture.” academia.edu, https://www.academia.edu/33771673/Revisiting_the_Myth_of_Frankenstein_1818_through_the_lens_of_Artificial_Intelligence_in_Popular_Culture. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Kayaaltı, Mahmut. “FRANKENSTEIN'S MONSTER AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE THREAT OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY OPERATED BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.” researchgate.net, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350386933_FRANKENSTEIN'S_MONSTER_AS_A_REPRESENTATIVE_OF_THE_THREAT_OF_MODERN_TECHNOLOGY_OPERATED_BY_ARTIFICIAL_INTELLIGENCE. Accessed 21 March 2024.
King, Brad. “Frankenstein's Legacy: Four Conversations about Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and the Modern World.” ETC Press, https://press.etc.cmu.edu/file/download/145/3ca6ed88-33c8-4227-90fb-b6b71eab8fc5. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Klassen, Charles. “Comparison Blade Runner And Frankenstein.” Nebo-lit, https://nebo-lit.com/film/Blade-Runner/Comparison-Blade-Runner-and-Frankenstein.html#google_vignette. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Lafferty, RA. “Visions of Artificial Intelligence and Robots in Science Fiction: a computational analysis.” NCBI, 18 July 2022, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9289651/. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Lee, Chris, and Nicole Sperling. “In 2015, artificial intelligence will rule the (movie) world.” Entertainment Weekly, 22 December 2014, https://ew.com/article/2014/12/22/aventers-ultron-terminator-genisys-artificial-intelligence/. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Lesa, Tomáš. “From Frankenstein to Ex Machina: Recovering the Frankenstein Myth in Today’s Science Fiction Films and TV Series.” is.muni.cz, https://is.muni.cz/th/u4gl9/Lesa_DP_archiv_IS.pdf. Accessed 21 March 2024.
“Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.” Government General Degree College, Kaliganj, http://www.kaliganjgovtcollege.ac.in/studyMaterial/03848Harold_Bloom_Mary_Shelleys_Frankenstein_BloomBookFi.org_.pdf. Accessed 23 March 2024.
maxyz. “THE MODERN FRANKENSTEIN: AN ANALYSIS OF THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE CREATOR/CREATION RELATIONSHIPS IN EX MACHINA AND FRANKENSTEIN.” teenink.com/, https://www.teenink.com/nonfiction/academic/article/1001380/The-Modern-Frankenstein-An-Analysis-Of-The-Similarities-And-Differences-Between-The-Creatorcreation-Relationships-In-Ex-Machina-And-Frankenstein. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Mckee, Charlotte. “The Link Between Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and AI.” Big Cloud, https://bigcloud.global/the-link-between-mary-shelleys-frankenstein-and-ai/. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Murphy, Robin R. “The original "I, Robot" featured a murderous robot and the Frankenstein complex.” researchgate.net, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364433562_The_original_I_Robot_featured_a_murderous_robot_and_the_Frankenstein_complex. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Myers, Scott. “Movie Analysis: “Her” | by Scott Myers.” Go Into The Story, https://gointothestory.blcklst.com/movie-analysis-her-5651e6e0c0be. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Nisanoğlu, Kübra. “Artificial Intelligence and Humankind Relations in Science Fiction Cinema.” Academia.edu, https://www.academia.edu/50991228/Artificial_Intelligence_and_Humankind_Relations_in_Science_Fiction_Cinema. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Patowary, Upakul. “Artificial Intelligence and Mary Shelley's Frankenstein: A Comparative Analysis of Creation, Morality and Responsibility.” Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities, 12 July 2023, https://ijrah.com/index.php/ijrah/article/download/284/441. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Proyas, Alex, director. I, Robot. Davis Entertainment Laurence Mark Productions Overbrook Films Mediastream IV, 2004. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0343818/.
Proyas, Alex, and Matthew Vaughn. The new ethics of Frankenstein: responsibility and obedience in I, Robot and X-Men: First Class, 15 March 2018, https://sfponline.org/Uploads/372/Lorenz.New%20Ethics%20of%20Frankenstein.Adapting%20Frankenstein.pdf. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Renstrom, Joelle. “The Evolution of Artificial Life in Science Fiction - The Ploughshares Blog.” The Ploughshares Blog -, 13 August 2016, https://blog.pshares.org/the-evolution-of-artificial-life-in-science-fiction/. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Reynolds, Justin. “21st century monsters: Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Artificial Intelligence.” justinreynoldsessays.com, https://justinreynoldsessays.com/2018/01/29/21st-century-monsters-marys-shelleys-frankenstein-artificial-intelligence/. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Salecha, Manisha. “Movie HER – a Portrayal of Future AI Capabilities.” Analytics India Magazine, 13 October 2016, https://analyticsindiamag.com/movie-portrayal-future-ai-capabilities/. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Scott, Ridley, director. Blade Runner. The Ladd Company Shaw Brothers Blade Runner Partnership, 1982. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0083658/.
Shuitz, David. “Which movies get artificial intelligence right?” Science, 6 January 2023, https://www.science.org/content/article/which-movies-get-artificial-intelligence-right. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Siddiqui, Rameen. “Future of Humanity and Artificial Intelligence: A Panacea or a Frankenstein Monster?” Modern Diplomacy, 16 April 2023, https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/04/16/future-of-humanity-and-artificial-intelligence-a-panacea-or-a-frankenstein-monster/. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Topeel, Fred, and Jeff Vintar. “Jeff Vintar was Hardwired for I,ROBOT.” Screenwriter's Utopia, 17 August 2004, https://www.screenwritersutopia.com/article/d19127d8. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Turan, Kenneth. “Review: Unnerving consideration of artificial intelligence in 'Ex Machina.'” Los Angeles Times, 9 April 2015, https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-ex-machina-review-20150410-column.html. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Wicks, Taylor. “Frankenstein and Blade runner.” academia.edu, https://www.academia.edu/7600330/Frankenstein_and_Blade_runner. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Winfield, Alan. “Artificial intelligence will not turn into a Frankenstein's monster | Alan Winfield.” The Guardian, 9 August 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/aug/10/artificial-intelligence-will-not-become-a-frankensteins-monster-ian-winfield. Accessed 21 March 2024.
Yalouris, A. G. “Artificial Intelligence: Are we creating a new Frankenstein.” academia, https://www.academia.edu/44513457/Artificial_Intelligence_Are_we_creating_a_new_Frankenstein. Accessed 21 March 2024.
No comments:
Post a Comment